Acid-base titration serves as a fundamental analytical technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. This process involves the stepwise addition of a standardized solution, called the titrant, to a solution of uncertain concentration until the reaction between the acid and base is complete. The point at which this occurs, kn

In acid-base titrations, the equivalence point signifies the precise stage when the {acid|titrant and base have completely reacted. This crucial landmark is often signaled by a sudden change in the indicator's color, though it may not always be directly observable. To precisely pinpoint this cutoff, techniques like using an chemical probe or measur